Autoridades administrativas independientes de regulación y supervisión en los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido. Retos y oportunidades

178 página

Las administraciones independientes en Reino Unido y Estados Unidos y la regulación y supervisión de las telecomunicaciones

36 páginasLa solidez de las instituciones jurídicas que regulan y supervisan el sector de las telecomunicaciones es uno de los elementos fundamentales de la sociedad de la información y el conocimiento. Sociedad, cuya implantación determina hasta el 84% de las diferencias de crecimiento y desarrollo entre regiones y países. Por este motivo, la calidad institucional de los sistemas de regulación y supervisión del sector de las telecomunicaciones es la piedra angular en las reformas puestas en marcha en la práctica total de países de Europa y América, y seguirá siéndolo en la consolidación del denominado Global Administrative Law. A través de este análisis ofrecemos una visión precisa del origen, marco constitucional y progresiva consolidación de las autoridades administrativas independientes, para culminar con las características que definen a la Office of Communications (Ofcom) y la Federal Communications Commission (fcc) como administraciones de regulación y supervisión del sector de las telecomunicaciones en Reino Unido y en Estados Unidos

Autoridades administrativas independientes en los Estados Unidos: retos y oportunidades

121 página

Scale-free foraging by primates emerges from their interaction with a complex environment

Scale-free foraging patterns are widespread among animals. These may be the outcome of an optimal searching strategy to find scarce randomly distributed resources, but a less explored alternative is that this behaviour may result from the interaction of foraging animals with a particular distribution of resources. We introduce a simple foraging model where individuals follow mental maps and choose their displacements according to a maximum efficiency criterion, in a spatially disordered environment containing many trees with a heterogeneous size distribution. We show that a particular tree size frequency distribution induces non-Gaussian movement patterns with multiple spatial scales (L\'evy walks). These results are consistent with tree size variation and Spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) foraging patterns. We discuss the consequences that our results may have for the patterns of seed dispersal by foraging primates.Comment: 31 pages, 4 figures. To appear in Proc. Roy. Soc. B. Minor revision

Skeleton simplification by key points identification

The current skeletonisation algorithms, based on thinning, extract the morphological features of an object in an image but the skeletonized objects are coarsely presented. This paper proposes an algorithm which goes beyond that approach by changing the coarse line segments into perfect ?straight? line segments, obtaining points, angles, line segment size and proportions. Our technique is applied in the post-processing phase of the skeleton, which improves it no matter which skeletonisation technique is used, as long as the structure is made with one-pixel width continuous line segments. This proposal is a first step towards human activity recognition through the analysis of human poses represented by their skeletons

Analysis and applications to the cell interplay and control of low grade gliomas

Tumor-normal cell interplay defines the course of a neoplastic malignancy. The outcome of this dual relation is the ultimate prevailing of one of the cells and the death or retreat of the other. In this paper we study the mathematical principles that underlay one important scenario: that of slow-progressing cancers. For this, we develop, within a stochastic framework, a mathematical model to account for tumor-normal cell interaction in such a clinically relevant situation and derive a number of deterministic approximations from the stochastic model. We consider in detail the existence and uniqueness of the solutions of the deterministic model and study the stability analysis. We then focus our model to the specific case of low grade gliomas, where we introduce an optimal control problem for different objective functionals under the administration of chemotherapy. We derive the conditions for which singular and bang-bang control exist and calculate the optimal control and states

Proyecto: Línea de exfoliante facial y corporal orgánicos a base de guayaba y semillas de sacha inchi

Se desarrolló el proyecto Añay Care, empresa que se dedica a la producción de exfoliantes faciales y corporales a base los frutos exóticos del Perú (Pitaya, Aguaje y Acaí) con semillas de Sacha Inchi, con enfoque al segmento del SKYNCARE. En primer término, se mostrará los aspectos cualitativos y cuantitativos para su respectivo análisis. Consecuentemente, la elaboración de las proyecciones financieras a partir de las inversiones, ingresos, costos y gastos que se va a desarrollar en los próximos tres años. Así mismo, debido a diferentes fuentes se ha proyectado la participación de mercado que podrá obtener a nivel nacional. Se validó el modelo de negocio por medio de la elaboración de la herramienta Business Model Canvas, Valué Proposición Canvas y a través de encuestas para validar la hipótesis y mejorar los MVPs (Producto Mínimo Viable). Así mismo, la empresa ha incurrido en gastos preoperativos en activos tanto tangibles como intangibles. Se resalta como ventaja competitiva, la adquisición de insumos naturales los cuáles son comprados a las comunidades campesinas del Perú, pues existe el compromiso con su desarrollo por lo que están incluidos en nuestro plan de responsabilidad social, así como todos nuestros stakeholders. Para finalizar, se puede indicar que gracias al valor que aporta y a la participación creciente que se obtendrá se concluye que será un proyecto viable. Finalmente, se evaluará los aspectos financieros a través del desarrollo del Flujo de Caja Libre, Estado de Resultados, CTN, VAN, Punto de equilibrio dentro de los 3 años proyectados.The Añay Care project was developed, a company that is dedicated to the production of facial and body scrubs based on exotic fruits from Peru (Pitaya, Aguaje and Acaí) with Sacha Inchi seeds, with a focus on the SKYNCARE segment. In the first place, the qualitative and quantitative aspects will be shown for their respective analysis. Consequently, the preparation of financial projections based on investments, income, costs, and expenses that will be developed in the next three years. Likewise, due to different sources, the market share that it will be able to obtain at the national level has been projected. The business model was validated through the development of the Business Model Canvas tool, Valué Proposition Canvas and through surveys to validate the hypothesis and improve the MVPs (Minimum Viable Product). Likewise, the company has incurred pre-operating expenses in both tangible and intangible assets. The acquisition of natural inputs is highlighted as a competitive advantage, which are purchased from the peasant communities of Peru, since there is a commitment to their development, which is why they are included in our social responsibility plan, as well as all our stakeholders. Finally, it can be indicated that thanks to the value it contributes and the increasing participation that will be obtained, it is concluded that it will be a viable project. Finally, the financial aspects will be evaluated through the development of the Free Cash Flow, Income Statement, CTN, NPV, Break-even point within the projected 3 years.Trabajo de investigació

Factors associated with mortality in patients with decompensated heart failure

Introducción: la falla cardiaca (FC) es una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad a nivel mundial, la cual ha experimentado aumento gradual de su incidencia sin variación importante en su desenlace en las dos últimas décadas. En Colombia muy pocos estudios evalúan factores asociados a mortalidad por falla cardiaca. Métodos: estudio de cohorte prospectivo en el que se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de falla cardiaca descompensada al momento del ingreso a urgencias, entre febrero de 2010 y marzo de 2013. Se calculó el tamaño de muestra y se realizó un análisis multivariado para la evaluación de los factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad intrahospitalaria y a 30 días. Resultados: se incluyeron 462 pacientes. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue de 8.9% y a 30 días de 13.8%, en el modelo multivariado para el desenlace mortalidad intrahospitalaria se observó que la única variable con significancia estadística fue el BUN ≥43 mg/dL (OR, 3.45 [IC 95% 1.54-7.74], p= 0.003). Para la mortalidad a 30 días, la estancia hospitalaria >5 días (OR, 2.23 [IC 95% 1.20-4.12], p= 0.011), el BUN ≥43 mg/dL (OR, 2.55 [IC 95% 1.31-4.94], p= 0.005) y el NT-proBNP ≥ 4630 pg/dL (OR, 2.47 [IC 95% 1.30-4.70], p= 0.006). Conclusiones: la mortalidad intrahospitalaria de los pacientes con falla cardiaca descompensada en la población evaluada fue alta. En los análisis multivariados, se encontró que el BUN ≥ 43 mg/dL fue el único factor de riesgo independiente asociado a mortalidad intrahospitalaria; mientras que la mortalidad a 30 días se relacionó además con el NT-proBNP y la estancia hospitalaria superior a cinco días.Introduction: heart failure is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide; it has experienced a gradual increase in incidence with no significant variation in outcome in the last two decades. In Colombia there are no studies to evaluate risk factors for mortality, which is the subject of this study. Methods: prospective cohort study in which patients with diagnosis of decompensated heart failure on admission to the emergency department between February 2010 and March 2013 were included. The sample size was calculated and a multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the risk factors associated with in-hospital and 30-day mortality. Results: 462 patients were included. Hospital mortality was 8.9% and 30-day mortality 13.8%; in the multivariate model for hospital mortality outcome was observed that the only variable with statistic significance was BUN ≥ 43 mg/dL (OR, 3.45 [95% CI 1.54- 7.74], p = 0.003). For 30 day mortality, hospital stay > 5 days (OR, 2.23 [95% CI 1.20-4.12], p = 0.011), BUN ≥43 mg/dL (OR, 2.55 [95% CI 1.31-4.94] , p = 0.005) and NT-proBNP ≥ 4630 pg/dL (OR, 2.47 [95% CI 1.30-4.70], p = 0.006). Conclusions: in-hospital mortality in patients with decompensated heart failure in the study population was high. In multivariate analysis, it was found that BUN ≥ 43 mg/dL was the only independent risk factor associated with hospital mortality, while the 30-day mortality was also associated with NT-proBNP and hospital stay greater than five days.https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-6769N/

Pancreatic metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Postoperative outcome after surgical treatment in a Spanish multicenter study (PANMEKID)

Background: Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) occasionally spreads to the pancreas. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the short and long-term results of a multicenter series in order to determine the effect of surgical treatment on the prognosis of these patients. Methods: Multicenter retrospective study of patients undergoing surgery for RCC pancreatic metastases, from January 2010 to May 2020. Variables related to the primary tumor, demographics, clinical characteristics of metastasis, location in the pancreas, type of pancreatic resection performed and data on short and long-term evolution after pancreatic resection were collected. Results: The study included 116 patients. The mean time between nephrectomy and pancreatic metastases' resection was 87.35 months (ICR: 1.51-332.55). Distal pancreatectomy was the most performed technique employed (50 %). Postoperative morbidity was observed in 60.9 % of cases (Clavien-Dindo greater than IIIa in 14 %). The median follow-up time was 43 months (13-78). Overall survival (OS) rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 96 %, 88 %, and 83 %, respectively. The disease-free survival (DFS) rate at 1, 3, and 5 years was 73 %, 49 %, and 35 %, respectively. Significant prognostic factors of relapse were a disease free interval of less than 10 years (2.05 [1.13-3.72], p 0.02) and a history of previous extrapancreatic metastasis (2.44 [1.22-4.86], p 0.01). Conclusions: Pancreatic resection if metastatic RCC is found in the pancreas is warranted to achieve higher overall survival and disease-free survival, even if extrapancreatic metastases were previously removed. The existence of intrapancreatic multifocal compromise does not always warrant the performance of a total pancreatectomy in order to improve survival. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd